Macroeconomic performance and education

Macroeconomic performance and education

Literature on economic growth models explores directly the quantitative relationship between investments in education and training and the level and growth of per capita GDP. There are a large number of studies, beginning with the classical growth models first developed in the 1950s, through to the so-called endogenous growth models that are still widely applied in many current empirical studies. Both data sets and econometric modelling techniques have developed extensively over recent years and many different model specifications have been proposed and empirically tested. Typically, these models use data drawn from a cross-section of countries, sometimes only for developed countries but often for a wider set. Data difficulties commonly mean that consistent series of educational variables are hard to obtain over sufficiently long periods to facilitate econometric time series analyses. For developed countries over more recent years, cross-sectional and time series data are combined into panel sets to enable a more comprehensive testing of the relationship between human resources and economic growth. This body of research can be divided up into a number of subsections. The so-called ‘growth accounting’ literature emphasizes the importance of measuring changes in the quality of labor, as indicated by improved qualifications and higher skills, when trying to account for economic growth over the long term. The impact of the accumulation of knowledge though the undertaking of research and development (R&D) has also been a key feature of this body of research. Other subsections focus on technical research into production and related functions, which are concerned with the relationships between factor inputs (both tangible and intangible, such as knowledge) and economic outputs. The so-called ‘new growth theories’ are also very relevant here. These highlight the determinants of economic growth in the broadest sense, concentrating on human capital inputs. There are a number of distinguishing features of the new growth models, but, essentially, they extend the existing models by endorsing technological change (hence, they are also sometimes referred to as endogenous growth theories). This contrasts with traditional neoclassical models, where economic growth is driven by the increase in factor inputs (i.e. population growth) and by the exogenous rate of (labor augmenting) technological change. The newer models often allow for increasing returns to scale, where growth is unbounded and in which growth rates can continue to increase indefinitely over time.

Friendship




Friendship
Chapter 3
Write to be Read
Solution
BBS 1st year
1.    What five qualities did people say were most important to them in a friend? Would you list the same five qualities? In the same order?
Ans: The most important five qualities that people said were.
1.    Loyalty
2.    The ability to keep confidences
3.    Warmth
4.    Affection
5.    Supportiveness
Yes, I would list the same five qualities in the same order.
2.    Can you be as good friends with someone from another culture as with someone from your own culture? Explain. [2071 for 10 marks]
Ans: Yes, I can as good friend with someone from another culture as with someone from my own culture. Friendship is the combination of two or more souls. There is no matter what his/ her culture is. True friend evaluates his/ her personality, attitudes, behavior, honesty, and makes him/ her intimate friend. Two persons from different cultures may be good friends if they understand each other.
3.    Can friend ever be more important to you than family. Explain.
Ans: Friends and family both are needed in our life and both of them are equally important, too. But family is more important than friends. In my opinion, friends are something but family is everything. Friends come and go but family is always with us. When there is even a small dispute with friends, friendship can be easily broken family is always dearer. Some persons can stay even without making friends but we can’t say without family. Let’s imagine; how can we stay by forgetting our father, mother, brother, sister, etc.? When we are sick, our friends just come to visit and give sympathy but our family is every time with us. Many friends seem to run after our money rather than true friendship. When we are out of money, they leave us and make new friends. But I think family doesn’t do so because there is true relationship between family and us.
To sum up, I have many friends in my life. They are also important for me. They are also dear to me. They also help to me. but family is family, Friends can’t dearer and more important than family.
4.    Subject- Verb Agreement:
Underline the subjects in each sentence, and circle the correct form of the verbs.

b. Sharing confidences with friends and trusting them to be discreet is/ are important requirements of friendship.

c. Loyalty, or an unspoken agreement to remain faithful and supportive, is/ are more often expected in friendship than in kinship.
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d. A cousin and brother never stops/ stop being relative, but a friend sometimes does/ do stop being a friend.

5. Editing for Subject-Verb Agreement
Read the paragraph, and rewrite it to correct the subject-verb agreement errors.
For me loyalty is an important part of friendship. A loyal friend is true and faithful to me. Loyalty to friends do not mean that my friend should support me when I am wrong, however. Sometime people supports friends who has lied or been dishonest to others. This kind of support is not loyalty. A loyal friend would support my decision to away to school, even if it meant our separation. A loyal friend supports decision and action that honestly benefits you, even if the friend lose something in the process.
Ans: For me loyalty is an important part of friendship. A loyal friend is true and faithful to me. Loyalty to friends does not mean that my friend should support me when I am wrong, however. Sometime people support friends who have lied or been dishonest to others. This kind of support is not loyalty. A loyal friend would support my decision to away to school, even if it meant our separation. A loyal friend supports decision and action that honestly benefit you, even if the friend lose something in the process.


Matters of the Heart


Matters of the Heart
Chapter 2
Write to be Read
Solution
BBS 1st year
1.      Which character, Esther or the Ethiopian wife loves more deeply? Explain.
Ans: The Ethiopian wife loves more deeply than Esther because she has stronger determination. The Ethiopian wife takes great risk to get a single hair from the tail of fierce lion because she wants to save relation with her husband. The Ethiopian wife puts her life in the great risk because she loves her husband more deeply. Esther also seems to love Laurence. They spend their life together since childhood. But when Laurence deceives Esther, she decides to kill him which is not good. She should have thought an idea about how she can attract him towards her instead of killing him. I think killing the lover to take revenge is not ultimate solution. In the matter of heart, sometimes obstacles try to win us but we should struggle with the obstacles and think to remedy them as Ethiopian wife did in the story. So in my opinion Ethiopian wife loves more deeply than Esther.
2.      Many marriage end in divorce often because love has failed. What are the causes of this failure? (think in general terms, not of one particular couple you know)
Ans: Marriage is a ceremony in which two. People become husband d and wife legally. Initially, they are perfect happy, later the trouble enters to their life and they are on the way of divorce. There may be many possible reasons of ending marriages in divorce.
The first reason may be husband and wife could not understand each other’s feelings and emotions. Sometimes there is misunderstanding between them due to small matters. Similarly there is no match of religion, class, caste and dispute takes place in their life Likewise they can’t share their feelings freely because they don’t trust each other. As a result their relationship I shattered.
Another reason of divorce may be early marriage. Some boys and girls marry without being matured. When the challenges, difficulties and dispute take place in everyday life, they can’t find an alternative solution and their marriage ends in divorce. Another possible reason may be different life objective. Such as one spouse wants child at the beginning of the marriage while another partner may want to delay to establish good career.
In this way love has failed in the life of many husbands and wives due to misunderstanding, financial problem, and difference in caste and religion different life objective and so on. As a result their marriage ends in divorce. In this way husband’s bad behavior of drinking wine, husband’s demand for dowry, mismatch in their birth order are some of reasons that end their marriage in divorce.
3.      Describe a loving couple you know whose relationship is an example to others. [2072 for 10 marks]
Ans: My friend, Jivan and his wife, Rima are the best loving couple I know. They both live near my village. They are really example to others in their village. They understand and respect to each other’s feelings and attitudes. My friend Jivan never starts any new work without asking to his wife, Rima and she also gives very concrete and logical advice to her husband. They solve any problem by discussing speak lie with each other. They share their experiences and feelings openly. They have good understanding and mutual cooperation. They trust to each other. My friend, Jivan is very funny and romantic, too. Sometimes he tells jokes and makes his wife laugh. If there is any misunderstanding between them, they talk openly and become clear.
They both are on the way of progress. Jivan has a government job and Rima teaches in private English medium school. They have their own house and sufficient land. The couples, sometimes, go for the short tour and become fresh. They always seem to keep each other happy. Rima is going to be mother very soon. They are living very happily and have become example to others in their village. I also respect to his couple and wish for their bright future.
4.      Do women make friends more easily than men do? Do they know how to be better friends than men do? Explain [2073 for 15 marks]
Ans: It is difficult to say who makes friends more easily either man or woman however I think woman can me friends more easily by observing woman’s behavior and activities.
Naturally women are loyal and sensitive to others. They can understand feelings of others well. Like men, women don’t make and leave the friends in a hurry. So, they can make the friends easily than men. Similarly, they are polite and have the feelings of affection and supportiveness to others. Their affection and supportiveness attract to others and finally they become friends with others. Women are kind hearted. They can’t see the difficulties of others and they become friends with others while helping them.
The next reason may be women are emotional and get attached easily, so they can’t let their friends go easily. Similarly understanding is the other essential factor of friendship which is more with women than men. In spite of being far, women share their feelings on the mobile or face book and understand the feelings of each other. Similarly, the next reason may also be that very few person reject women’s request to be friend and finally the become friends.
5.      Using transition Words. [TU 2072 for 2 marks]
Choose the better of the two transition words within parentheses and rewrite each item as one sentence with a semicolon or as two sentences separated by a period.
a. Some people feel that total honesty is essential in a loving relationship others feel it is dangerous to be completely honest. (However/ therefore) [2071]
Ans: Some people feel that total honesty is essential in a loving relationship. However, others feel it is dangerous to be completely honest.
b. One writer feels that good lies lead to a good marriage a person should lie in order not to hurt the spouse’s feeling. (However/ in other words) [2072]
Ans: Lack of communication is at the top of the “destructive” list so we can see how important communication is to a healthy loving relationship.
c. Selfishness can eventually destroy a loving relationship an unforgiving nature can make disappear very quickly.
Ans. Selfishness can eventually destroy a loving relationship, but an unforgiving nature can make disappear very quickly.
d. A lack of trust is a problem, for destruct can weaken any relationship.
Ans.  A lack of trust is a problem, for destruct can weaken any relationship.
e. A perfectionist can make the other person fell incompetent the other person may feel it is pointless trying to please the perfectionist.
Ans.  A perfectionist can make the other person fell incompetent, so the other person may feel it is pointless trying to please the perfectionist.
6.      using Subordinating Conjunctions.
Identity the two independent clauses in each item. then combine them using subordinating conjunctions: because, even though, if, unless. you may use some words more than once.
a. Acceptance and a sense of humor aren’t the qualities, most people think of first they are very important qualities in a loving relationship.
Ans: Even though acceptance and a sense of humor aren’t the qualities, most people think of first they are very important qualities in a loving relationship.
b. Acceptance and a sense of humor aren’t the qualities, most people think first they are very important qualities in a loving relationship.
Ans: If we really love someone, it means we love the person as they are, not as we would like them to be.
c. Not everything in life turns out the way we want a sense of humor about life is a way of accepting what comes our way.
Ans: Because not everything in life turns out the way we want, a sense of humor about life is a way of accepting what comes our way.
d. A sense of humor can make us feel rich and happy it is not the result of how many possessions we have.
Ans: A sense of humor can make us feel rich and happy even though it is not the result of how many possessions we have.
e. Some people take themselves and life too seriously, they can become easily disappointed when thing turn out differently than they expect.
Ans: Because some people take themselves and life too seriously, they can become easily disappointed when thing turn out differently than they expect.
f. We can say that we see the humor in life we are quick to laugh at ourselves and the difficulties life bring.
Ans: We can say that we see the humor in life if we are quick to laugh at ourselves and the difficulties life bring.
g. A relationship can become boring and predictable the people in the relationship have a sense of humor.
Ans: A relationship can become boring and predictable, unless the people in the relationship have a sense of humor.
7.      Editing for Run-On Sentences.
Rewrite the paragraph, correcting the run-on sentences. Some run-on sentences can be corrected in more than one way.
Some people are probably more successful in their relationship they have the qualities essential to loving relationship. The lack of these qualities is probably the cause of many problems we have with other people many of us would benefit from developing those qualities we don’t have. For example, many people get married and divorced over and over again others don’t get along with coworkers on the job. Perhaps their lives would be easier if they were better at communication if they were more honest about their feelings.
Ans: Some people are probably more successful in their relationship they have the qualities essential to loving relationship. The lack of these qualities is probably the cause of many problems we have with other people. Therefore, many of us would benefit from developing those qualities we don’t have. For example, many people get married and divorced over and over again. In addition, others don’t get along with coworkers on the job. Perhaps their lives would be easier if they were better at communication and if they were more honest about their feelings.


Birth Order and Your Place in Life

Birth Order and Your Place in Life

Chapter 2
Write to be Read
Solution
BBS 1st year

  1. Some psychologists criticize birth order theory as wrong and unscientific. What is your position? Do you find the birth order theory believable? Explain.
Ans: Some psychologists criticize birth order theory as wrong and unscientific. I also support their thought because I also find birth order theory as wrong and unscientific. To believe in birth order is like to believe in astrology. Our parents, family environment, society heredity etc. are responsible for how we are and how we shall be in the future but not birth order. A child can be parental, capable, dependent, independent, good natured, bad natured, happy, gloomy, calm due to the influences of parents, family environment, heredity, society and by birth quality but not due to birth order.
I don’t find birth order theory believable. I am the oldest in my family. The birth order theory and that the oldest is parental, responsible, a high achiever, serious, independent. But although I am the oldest, I don’t have all these qualities. My youngest brother has taken the responsibility of our family. I don’t need to play parental role for my younger siblings according to the birth order theory, I should be a high achiever and independent since I am the oldest. But my youngest brother has done better in many sectors than me.
Thus, I don’t find birth-order theory believable in modern families of modern societies. The children are different beyond their certain birth order position. So, as some psychologist, I also find birth order theory as wrong and unscientific.
  1. People with which birth order seem to have the easiest life? The most difficult one? The happiest one? The most appealing one? Choose one and describe it by telling what makes those lives easy difficult, happy or attractive.
Ans: Birth order affects in marital matches. The oldest child may be happiest with youngest child or an only child. The oldest sister of brothers matches with youngest brother of sisters. Similarly the oldest brother of sisters matches with youngest sister of brothers. The worst match is with another oldest since the two will be to sovereign to share a household comfortably.
The best match for a idle child is often with another middle child since both are tactful and normally not aggressive. The only child best matches with the oldest. The only child with only child is most difficult one. The youngest brother of brothers matches best with an oldest or middle sister of brothers. The youngest sister of brothers matches best with the oldest brother of sisters. The youngest brother of sisters matches best with oldest sister of brothers.
  1. Choose a couple with know well. How successful is their relationship? Use birth order theory to explain and support your observation about their relationship.
Ans: One of my friends got married last year. He is the oldest of sisters. So, he is easygoing, fun loving, and very fond of women. He is good at pleasing the females. He got married to the youngest sister of brothers. My friends wife is often a tomboy and flirt (romantic). She easily understands the feelings and desires of her husband. My friend also knows how to please his wife. They never seem to be quarreling. Both husband and wife try to keep each other happy. There is no any misunderstanding between them. Their married life is going on well. I hope they will spend their married life happily in the future, too. Here wither’s birth order theory applies well.
  1. Adding phrases and dependent clauses to independent clause.
Read each independent clause below. Add one or both of the phrases/ dependent clauses in parentheses to make a more complete and more logical sentence. You can add to the beginning or end of the independent clause. Do not add a phrase clause if it if not logical. Then write your new sentence.
a. The Egyptian family is often an extended family.
(……… which includes other relatives/ ……….. with no adults other than the parents living there)
Ans: The Egyptian family is often an extended family, which includes other relatives.
b. In Egypt relative are more likely to live with a family.
(……. Who don’t really like the family/ …… than they are in many western countries.)
Ans: In Egypt relative are more likely to live with a family than they are in many western countries.
c. There may be more resources for the children.
(…… like attention and affection/ with other adult relative in the household.)
Ans: There may be more resources like attention and affection for the children with other adult relative in the household.
d. This extended family configuration probably changes the effect.
(because it results in smaller families ……/ …… of birth order).
Ans: This extended family configuration probably changes the effect of birth order.
e. There may be less competition among siblings.
(…… for the parents affection/ when then are fewer adults in the house ……)
Ans: There may be less competition for the parents affection among siblings.
f. It should be surprising however.
(…… if none of the ideas about birth order were correct for Egypt/ ……. To most of us)
Ans: It would be surprising to most of us, however if none of the ideas about birth order were correct for Egypt.
g. We would still expect the oldest child to be more responsible.
(for example, ……/ …… in comparison with brothers and sisters)
Ans: For example, we would still expect the oldest child to be more responsible in comparison with brothers and sisters.
  1. Correcting Fragments
Rewrite the entire item, correcting the fragments.
a. Two only children who marry each other may have problems.
Because both are used to a lot of attention and approval.
Ans: Two only children who marry each other may have problems
Because both are used to a lot of attention and approval.
b. An oldest child may find that another oldest is not a good marriage match. An oldest may be happier with an only child. Or with a youngest child.
Ans: An oldest child may find that another oldest is not a good marriage match. An oldest may be happier with an only child or with a youngest child.
c. A younger sister of sisters matches best with an oldest brother. Who will appreciate her charm. Also tolerate her manipulation.
Ans: A younger sister of sisters matches best with an oldest brother who will appreciate her charm and tolerate her manipulation.
d. The best match for a middle child is often another middle child. Since both are tactful. And normally not aggressive.
Ans: The best match for a middle child is often another middle child since both ar tactfuland normally not aggressive.
e. Although only children find it easier to make good matches. There are bad matches for them. Such as another only.
Ans: Although only children find it easier to make good matches, there are bad matches for them such as another only.
  1. Editing for Fragments.
Rewrite the whole paragraph, correcting the fragments by connecting them to other sentences or by adding the necessary words to make them independent clauses. [TU 2073 for 10 marks]
Critics of birth- order theory say that is not scientific. Because one cannot prove it. And because it is like astrology. Interesting, perhaps, but not to be taken seriously. Supporters of birth-order theory admit that it alone does not determine what kind of people we are. Our parents and society, for example, are strong influences. Whether we are happy or gloomy, calm or nervous, or good-natured or bad-tempered people. However, birth order does play a role. Determining the degree to which a child is happy, calm, and good natured, for example. It plays another role. In determining how a child uses his or her happiness, calmness, and good-naturalness in dealing with other people.
Ans: Critics of birth- order theory say that is not scientific because one cannot prove it. Also it is like astrology that it is Interesting, perhaps, but not to be taken seriously. Supporters of birth-order theory admit that it alone does not determine what kind of people we are. Our parents and society, for example, are strong influences. Whether we are happy or gloomy, calm or nervous, or good-natured or bad-tempered people. However, birth order does play a role. Determining the degree to which a child is happy, calm, and good natured, for example. It plays another role in determining how a child uses his or her happiness, calmness, and good-naturalness in dealing with other people.

Birth Order and Your Place in Life

Birth Order and Your Place in Life



Chapter 1

Write to be Read 
Solution
BBS 1st year
Tribhuvan University
1.      Some psychologists criticize birth order theory as wrong and unscientific. What is your position? Do you find the birth order theory believable? Explain.
Ans: Some psychologists criticize birth order theory as wrong and unscientific. I also support their thought because I also find birth order theory as wrong and unscientific. To believe in birth order is like to believe in astrology. Our parents, family environment, society heredity etc. are responsible for how we are and how we shall be in the future but not birth order. A child can be parental, capable, dependent, independent, good natured, bad natured, happy, gloomy, calm due to the influences of parents, family environment, heredity, society and by birth quality but not due to birth order.
I don’t find birth order theory believable. I am the oldest in my family. The birth order theory and that the oldest is parental, responsible, a high achiever, serious, independent. But although I am the oldest, I don’t have all these qualities. My youngest brother has taken the responsibility of our family. I don’t need to play parental role for my younger siblings according to the birth order theory, I should be a high achiever and independent since I am the oldest. But my youngest brother has done better in many sectors than me.
Thus, I don’t find birth-order theory believable in modern families of modern societies. The children are different beyond their certain birth order position. So, as some psychologist, I also find birth order theory as wrong and unscientific.
2.      People with which birth order seem to have the easiest life? The most difficult one? The happiest one? The most appealing one? Choose one and describe it by telling what makes those lives easy difficult, happy or attractive.
Ans: Birth order affects in marital matches. The oldest child may be happiest with youngest child or an only child. The oldest sister of brothers matches with youngest brother of sisters. Similarly the oldest brother of sisters matches with youngest sister of brothers. The worst match is with another oldest since the two will be to sovereign to share a household comfortably.
The best match for a idle child is often with another middle child since both are tactful and normally not aggressive. The only child best matches with the oldest. The only child with only child is most difficult one. The youngest brother of brothers matches best with an oldest or middle sister of brothers. The youngest sister of brothers matches best with the oldest brother of sisters. The youngest brother of sisters matches best with oldest sister of brothers.
3.      Choose a couple with know well. How successful is their relationship? Use birth order theory to explain and support your observation about their relationship.
Ans: One of my friends got married last year. He is the oldest of sisters. So, he is easygoing, fun loving, and very fond of women. He is good at pleasing the females. He got married to the youngest sister of brothers. My friends wife is often a tomboy and flirt (romantic). She easily understands the feelings and desires of her husband. My friend also knows how to please his wife. They never seem to be quarreling. Both husband and wife try to keep each other happy. There is no any misunderstanding between them. Their married life is going on well. I hope they will spend their married life happily in the future, too. Here wither’s birth order theory applies well.
4.      Adding phrases and dependent clauses to independent clause.
Read each independent clause below. Add one or both of the phrases/ dependent clauses in parentheses to make a more complete and more logical sentence. You can add to the beginning or end of the independent clause. Do not add a phrase clause if it if not logical. Then write your new sentence.
a. The Egyptian family is often an extended family.
(……… which includes other relatives/ ……….. with no adults other than the parents living there)
Ans: The Egyptian family is often an extended family, which includes other relatives.
b. In Egypt relative are more likely to live with a family.
(……. Who don’t really like the family/ …… than they are in many western countries.)
Ans: In Egypt relative are more likely to live with a family than they are in many western countries.
c. There may be more resources for the children.
(…… like attention and affection/ with other adult relative in the household.)
Ans: There may be more resources like attention and affection for the children with other adult relative in the household.
d. This extended family configuration probably changes the effect.
(because it results in smaller families ……/ …… of birth order).
Ans: This extended family configuration probably changes the effect of birth order.
e. There may be less competition among siblings.
(…… for the parents affection/ when then are fewer adults in the house ……)
Ans: There may be less competition for the parents affection among siblings.
f. It should be surprising however.
(…… if none of the ideas about birth order were correct for Egypt/ ……. To most of us)
Ans: It would be surprising to most of us, however if none of the ideas about birth order were correct for Egypt.
g. We would still expect the oldest child to be more responsible.
(for example, ……/ …… in comparison with brothers and sisters)
Ans: For example, we would still expect the oldest child to be more responsible in comparison with brothers and sisters.
5.      Correcting Fragments
Rewrite the entire item, correcting the fragments.
a. Two only children who marry each other may have problems.
Because both are used to a lot of attention and approval.
Ans: Two only children who marry each other may have problems
Because both are used to a lot of attention and approval.
b. An oldest child may find that another oldest is not a good marriage match. An oldest may be happier with an only child. Or with a youngest child.
Ans: An oldest child may find that another oldest is not a good marriage match. An oldest may be happier with an only child or with a youngest child.
c. A younger sister of sisters matches best with an oldest brother. Who will appreciate her charm. Also tolerate her manipulation.
Ans: A younger sister of sisters matches best with an oldest brother who will appreciate her charm and tolerate her manipulation.
d. The best match for a middle child is often another middle child. Since both are tactful. And normally not aggressive.
Ans: The best match for a middle child is often another middle child since both ar tactfuland normally not aggressive.
e. Although only children find it easier to make good matches. There are bad matches for them. Such as another only.
Ans: Although only children find it easier to make good matches, there are bad matches for them such as another only.
6.      Editing for Fragments.
Rewrite the whole paragraph, correcting the fragments by connecting them to other sentences or by adding the necessary words to make them independent clauses. [TU 2073 for 10 marks]
Critics of birth- order theory say that is not scientific. Because one cannot prove it. And because it is like astrology. Interesting, perhaps, but not to be taken seriously. Supporters of birth-order theory admit that it alone does not determine what kind of people we are. Our parents and society, for example, are strong influences. Whether we are happy or gloomy, calm or nervous, or good-natured or bad-tempered people. However, birth order does play a role. Determining the degree to which a child is happy, calm, and good natured, for example. It plays another role. In determining how a child uses his or her happiness, calmness, and good-naturalness in dealing with other people.
Ans: Critics of birth- order theory say that is not scientific because one cannot prove it. Also it is like astrology that it is Interesting, perhaps, but not to be taken seriously. Supporters of birth-order theory admit that it alone does not determine what kind of people we are. Our parents and society, for example, are strong influences. Whether we are happy or gloomy, calm or nervous, or good-natured or bad-tempered people. However, birth order does play a role. Determining the degree to which a child is happy, calm, and good natured, for example. It plays another role in determining how a child uses his or her happiness, calmness, and good-naturalness in dealing with other people.